Pan-African integration has made progress but needs a change of mindset
By Babatunde Fagbayibo
This year’s celebration of
Africa Day provides another opportunity to assess how far continental integration has progressed.
Integration would mean a truly united Africa – either a federalist “United States of Africa” or the African Union (AU) exercising
binding powers over member states. At present the AU merely serves as a platform for coordinating the interactions of its
55 member states.
Although some progress has been made, more needs to be done to achieve the goal of integration.
Member states need to move beyond paying lip service to unity, and empower critical AU organs. This requires a shift in mentality. States need to appreciate the need to sacrifice some autonomy for common socioeconomic and political gains. Lacklustre commitment to continental integration is connected with Africa’s peripheral position in global dynamics.
In my view, as a researcher of the institutional dynamics of Africa’s integration process, pan-African integration is in a crucial phase. This phase is as important as the creation of the Organisation of African Unity
in 1963 and its eventual replacement with the AU
20 years ago.
A pan-African worldview
In a 1969 speech, the then Tanzanian president, Julius Nyerere,
captured what the African worldview entails:
We recognise that we are involved in the world and that the world is involved in us. Involvement without understanding, however, can be embarrassing and even dangerous.
A pan-Africanist worldview understands that the continent cannot exist in isolation. However, this must be accompanied by a determination to drive an agenda that enhances pan-African goals.
This position reflects the views of many of Nyerere’s contemporaries, and those who came after him, on how Africa should position itself on the global stage.
Mbeki’s idea speaks to restoring Africa’s dignity, and pushing for its economic and political development. Nkrumah’s advances the principles of societal equality. It places the community over the individual in preparing African societies to establish a federal union of African states that is assertive on the global stage.
What’s working
The continent has seen some positive developments that could advance integration. They include the adoption of the following instruments and processes:
The African Union: timeline of events. Usifo Omozokpea / AU
As
Thomas Tieku, an expert on Africa’s international relations, has observed, despite some of the failures of pan-African integration, the AU has set admirable guidelines on governance, peace and security.
Yet pan-African continental integration remains constrained by many problems. These include countries’
unwillingness to transfer powers to AU organs.
Addressing this will require a change of worldview. Africa needs to rebalance the way it sees itself and relates to the world. African states need to equip national and regional institutions to deliver on the promise of political and economic development.
What’s not working
The ability to project a strategic pan-African worldview is undermined by several factors. One is the unwillingness to transfer supranational powers to key AU institutions. For example, the Pan-African Parliament has only
limited, advisoryrather than full legislative powers.
Similarly, the AU Commission lacks the power to make member states comply with institutional rules. The 2017
Kagame reporton AU reforms noted that the union has passed over 1,500 resolutions but has no mechanism for tracking their implementation.
Member states have failed to
comply with about 75% of the decisions of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. In reaction to judgments against them, member states such as
Tanzania,
Benin,
Rwanda, and
Côte d’Ivoire have withdrawn the permission allowing individuals and NGOs access to the court.
The AU’s dependence on external funding is another impediment. Despite ongoing financial reforms, at least
61% of its budget comes from external donors. Some use donations as a tool to
manipulate AU processes.
The AU’s response has been tepid. In some cases, leaders involved in
suppressing democratic voices are
tasked with leading key processes in the AU.
The
limited role of civil society in pan-African integration is another concern. And there is little public awareness of what the AU does and how.
Despite the benefits that could come from
an integrated Africa, many African countries remain wary of the process. For example, some restrict human mobility. They have refused to sign the continental protocol on free movement, citing security concerns and
protection of local jobs.
Changing mindsets
The effectiveness of reforms at the AU depends on a change of mindset. Members need to understand that enhancement of Africa’s position in global realpolitik depends on an internally cohesive body. This will require actions in three key areas:
- a detailed but flexible plan showing how willing states will transfer supranational powers to AU organs
- including the African populace in AU programmes and processes
- adherence to constitutionalism.
Without a system that emphasises fundamental rights and good governance, regional integration goals such as trade, free movement of people, gender equality, peace and security cannot be realised.
The views expressed are those of the author and not of the Joburg Post
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