South African Reserve Bank Celebrates Centenary With Virtual Ceremony.
By Phumzile Mavimbela
The South African Reserve Bank celebrated its hundredth anniversary today (June 30) in a virtual celebration attended by former governors and the heads of international organisations.
Giving the keynote address, Minister of Finance Tito Mboweni started by congratulating Governor Lesetja Kganyago, the management and staff of the South African Reserve Bank. He said as the eighth Governor of the Bank, it is a great honour for him to participate in this event as its steward for 10 of its 100-year lifespan.
Mboweni also outlined some of the achievements of the bank as :
- Establishment of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), with responsibility for setting monetary policy. It gave certainty about the decision-making structure and the cycle of monetary policy decisions.
- Some analysts link the establishment of the MPC with the adoption of an inflation target, but these were two separate processes. An MPC is not a precondition for inflation targeting, while inflation targeting is also not a precondition for an MPC.
- A further important step was the introduction of a media briefing after each MPC. This enhanced public dissemination of information and made a further contribution to improved communication.
In his speech he also said that :
The South African Reserve Bank used the signalling system for policy rate setting, with banks submitting tenders for liquidity to the central bank. Much has been written on the advantages and shortcomings of the signalling and tendering system and its comparison with a system of interest rate fixing. The signalling system was replaced by a system of repurchase (repo) rate setting by the South African Reserve Bank, perhaps in a somewhat roundabout way.
The central bank had to lead the South African banking system and the national payment system through the uncertain period in the run-up to the millennium change- over (Y2K) period. Proper nation-wide preparation ensured that South Africa sailed through this period without any hick-ups. After the Y2K changeover it was obvious that a fixed repo system delivers better results than the signalling and tendering system.
Inflation targeting was adopted shortly after the millennium change-over. The inflation target serves as a clear anchor for monetary policy, thus focusing attention on the ultimate objective of the South African Reserve Bank. With a clear policy focus, the general understanding of the monetary policy framework improved, thus linking the understanding of interest rate adjustments and the focus on the rate of inflation.
The introduction of inflation targeting as a monetary policy framework replaced the previous eclectic policy framework. The goal of exchange rate stability was one of the elements of the eclectic policy framework. Exchange rate management with the objective of exchange rate stability resulted in a large NOFP (NOFP is an acronym for Net Oversold Foreign-exchange Position, Net Open Forward Position, or Net Open Foreign-currency Position, depending on who speaks on the matter). Expunging this position was a major milestone.
The international standing of the South African Reserve Bank improved during this period. International institutions and agencies enhanced their engagement with the Central Bank, which earned its rightful place in the international arena, for instance at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
Staff transformation was an important focus area at the central bank during my tenure as Governor. The transformation had to be managed in a very responsible manner and it was imperative to ensure that expertise was retained while ushering in staff transformation. The South African Reserve Bank serves as a case study in how to usher in successful transformation with minimum disruption.
Towards the end of my tenure, the global financial crisis struck. The global financial crisis would have profound implications for the Reserve Bank as well as central banks all around the world. The crisis shook the very foundations of central banks’ approach to monetary policy and its possible contribution to the build-up of vulnerabilities. Central banks begun to expand on their understanding of how benign periods of inflation, and low rates can obscure risks in the financial system and that those (financial sector) risks had massive implications for the broader economy.
These lessons had been partially learnt by emerging economies through the painful experiences in Asia and Latin America. That global crisis, whose epicentre was in western economies, led to the loss of more than a million jobs domestically. We once again were reminded that we were part of a highly interconnected and interdependent system which brought benefits and responsibilities.
In February 2011, driven by our experiences from the global financial crisis, as well as lessons learnt domestically, government signalled the process of implementing significant and far-reaching changes to the country’s financial regulatory structure.
In this respect, Cabinet approved the publication of a policy paper entitled “A Safer financial sector to serve South Africa better”. The policy paper proposed the establishment of two dedicated regulators (the Prudential Authority and the Financial Sector Conduct Authority) (the Twin Peaks) to ensure a more intensive, intrusive and effective regulation of prudential and market conduct aspects of the financial sector.
The Twin Peaks process culminated in the enactment of the Financial Sector Regulation Act of 2017, which piece of legislation expanded the mandate the mandate of the Reserve Bank to include protecting and maintaining financial stability. What I learnt from the global financial crisis turned out to be very useful for when I returned to the public service in 2018 as Minister. That is: policy requires a flexibility of thought, an acceptance of new ways and paradigms but this should be in terms of evidence.
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